Conservation is a English Language concept from the MPSC syllabus, tested in 5 past MPSC questions (2014, 2016, 2022). Below are those real questions with their correct answers and explanations.
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galápagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galápagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galápagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka : Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
शास्त्रीय जनुकीय प्रकल्प सुरू होण्यासाठी कोणाचा मृत्यू कारणीभूत होता ? / The scientific genetic project started because of the death of
1)डोडो / Dodo
2)प्रवासी कबुतरे / Passenger Pigeon
3)फ्लोरीआना गालॅपॅगो / Floreana Galápagos
4)पिंटा / Pinta Galápagos✓ Correct
The scientific project focused on de-extinction or genetics was triggered by the extinction/death of the last known individual of a specific species.
वनविषयक धोरण आणि परिणाम
इकोलॉजी अँड पॉलिटिक्स ऑफ सरहायव्हल या त्यांच्या 1991 मध्ये प्रकाशित झालेल्या पुस्तकात वंदना शिवा म्हणतात की, उष्णकटिबंधातील जंगलांच्या साधनसंपत्तीवर पर्यावरणदृष्ट्या व आर्थिकदृष्ट्या जगातील सर्वात मोठे संकट निर्माण झाले आहे. संपूर्ण जगाची अन्नसुरक्षा ही मुख्यत: पर्यावरणाचे स्थैर्य आणि उष्णकटिबंधात राहणाऱ्या किंवा विकसनशील देशातील लोकांच्या आर्थिक कल्याणावरील परस्पर-संबंधांवर अवलंबून आहे.
वंदना शिवा, उष्णकटिबंधीय जंगलावरील संकट, जंगलांशी संबंधित प्रमुख तीन अर्थव्यवस्थांकडून होणाऱ्या जीववस्तुमानाचा संघर्षमय मागणीच्या संदर्भात स्पष्ट करतात.
1. आवश्यक पर्यावरणीय प्रक्रियांशी संबंधित नैसर्गिक अर्थव्यवस्था.
2. लोकांच्या मूलभूत गरजा पूर्ण करणारी जगण्याशी संबंधित अर्थव्यवस्था.
3. औद्योगिक आणि व्यापारविषयक मागणी आधारित बाजारपेठीय अर्थव्यवस्था.
पर्यावरणाशी संबंधित नैसर्गिक अर्थव्यवस्था ही जंगलातील मृदाव्यवस्था टिकवणारी आणि जंगलाचे जलसंतुलन सांभाळणाऱ्या उत्पादनांची मागणी निर्माण करणारी असते. लोकांच्या जीवनावश्यक गरजा पूर्ण करणारी, जगण्याशी संबंधित जी अर्थव्यवस्था आहे, ती जंगलातील जीववस्तुमान जसे सरपण (जळण), चारा, फळे, बिया, हरितखत, लाकूड, इ. ची मागणी प्रतिबिंबित करते. अशा वस्तूंची मागणी जंगलात आणि जंगलपरिसात राहणाऱ्या लोकांकडून होत असते. बाजारपेठीय अर्थव्यवस्थेकडून औद्योगिक तसेच व्यापारी वापरासाठी मागणी निर्माण होते. या मागणीमुळे जंगलसंपत्तीतील अनेक जैविक घटक हे विविध वस्तूंच्या रूपात परिवर्तित होत असतात. उदा. लगदा प्लायवुड, फर्निचर, बांधकामासाठीचे लाकूड, इंधनासाठीचे लाकूड, इ. यामुळे शहरी बाजारपेठेत या वस्तू उपलब्ध होतात. भारतात नैसर्गिक अर्थव्यवस्था आणि जगण्याची अर्थव्यवस्था या कायम परस्परव्यास (अतिव्यापीत) राहिल्या आहेत. तसेच त्या कोणत्यात्यी अडथळ्याविना कार्यरत आहेत. संवर्धन आणि उपयोग या दोन्ही दृष्टीकोनातून या व्यवस्था स्थानिक जनसमुदायाच्या गरजा पूर्ण करत आहेत.
वसाहतवादी साम्राज्याने मात्र अनपेक्षित पद्धतीने या वापरात अडथळे निर्माण केले आहेत. जंगलांच्या पर्यावरणसंस्थेचे अनेक घटक विविध कार्यपद्धतीतून कार्यरत होते. मात्र वसाहतवादी धोरणातून जंगलांचा बहुउद्देशीय वापर संपुष्टात आला. त्याऐवजी एककलमी उदीष्ट असणारे वनीकरणायचे धोरण अमलात आणले गेले. अशा धोरणात व्यापारीदृष्ट्या मोलाच्या लाकडाचे उत्पादन वाढविणे महत्वाचे मानले गेले. आर्थिक किंवा पर्यावरणविषयक उद्दीष्टांना बाजूला सारून केवळ बाजारपेठांचा विचार बळावला. वसाहतवादोत्तर वनधोरणामुळे वनपुजांचा वापर-संघर्ष आणि जंगलांचे अवक्रमण (ह्रास) याबाबतची स्थिती आणखी गंभीर झाली. बाजारआधिष्टित मागणीनुसार उत्पादित होणारी कृत्रिम जंगले निर्माण करण्यात आली. शिवा शेवटी म्हणतात की, नैसर्गिक जंगलांचे रूपांतर लागद्यायोग्य लाकडाच्या लागवडीसाठी केल्यामुळे जंगलातील जैविक घटक उदा. लाकूड इंधन, चारा, खते इ. ची उपलब्धता कमी झाली. निलगिरी, देवदार, इ. वृक्षलागवडीमुळे एकाच प्रकारची वृक्षलागवड होऊन, हिमालय, पश्चिम घाट या डोंगराळ प्रदेशातील पर्यावरण प्रक्रियेला धोका पोहोचत आहे.
दिलेल्या उताऱ्यानुसार अन्नसुरक्षा ________ यावर अवलंबून आहे.
According to the given passage, food security depends on ________.
(a)अन्न धान्याचे उत्पादन / food production
(b)पर्यावरणाचे स्थैर्य / ecological stability
(c)पावसाळा / monsoon
(d)उष्णकटिबंधीय प्रदेशात राहणाऱ्या लोकांचे आर्थिक कल्याण / economic welfare of the people living in tropical region
1)फक्त (a) / Only (a)
2)फक्त (b) व (c) / Only (b) and (c)
3)फक्त (b) व (d) / Only (b) and (d)✓ Correct
4)फक्त (a) व (d) / Only (a) and (d)
The passage says the food security of the entire world depends on linkages between ecological stability and the economic well-being of the people who live in the tropics. That is statements (b) and (d).
पुढील दोन विधानांपैकी कोणते योग्य आहे ?
Which of the following two statements is correct ?
(a)विषुववृत्तीय पट्ट्यात जीवांची संख्या अमाप आहे.
There is abundance of life forms in the equatorial region.
(b)जैवसंपदेची कोणतीही मोजमाप/पहाणी केली जात नाही.
No monitoring whatsoever of biological resources is being done.
1)फक्त (a)
Only (a)✓ Correct
2)फक्त (b)
Only (b)
3)(a) व (b) दोन्ही
Both (a) and (b)
4)(a) व (b) दोन्हीही नाहीत
Neither (a) nor (b)
Statement (a) is correct because equatorial regions boast high biodiversity and abundance of life forms due to favorable climate. Statement (b) is false as monitoring of biological resources is indeed conducted through various bodies.
पुढील दोन विधानांपैकी कोणते अयोग्य आहे ?
Which of the following two statements is incorrect ?
(a)मानव निसर्गाचा शत्रू आहे.
Man is nautre’s enemy.
(b)जैविक संसाधने मानवाच्या गरजा पुरवितात.
Biological resources satisfy human needs.
1)फक्त (a)
Only (a)✓ Correct
2)फक्त (b)
Only (b)
3)(a) व (b) दोन्ही
Both (a) and (b)
4)न (a) अयोग्य न (b)
Neither (a) nor (b)
Statement (a) calling man 'nature's enemy' is an extreme philosophical generalization and considered incorrect in standard evaluation. Statement (b) is correct as biological resources fulfill human needs.
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galapagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galapagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galapagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka: Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
उताऱ्यानुसार अस्तंगत झालेले प्राणी कोणते ? / As per the passage, which are the extinct animal species ?
(a)डोडो / Dodo
(b)प्रवासी कबूतर / Passenger pigeon
(c)पिंटा गॅलॅपेगोस् कासव / Pinta Galápagos
(d)फ्लोरीआना गॅलॅपेगोस् / Floreana Galápagos
1)फक्त अ / Only a
2)फक्त अ आणि ब / Only a and b✓ Correct
3)फक्त अ, ब आणि क / Only a, b and c
4)फक्त ड / Only d
According to standard ecological comprehension passages typically included in exams, Dodo (a) and Passenger pigeon (b) are classic examples of completely extinct animal species mentioned.