The concept of biotechnology is a wide concept encompassing procedures modifying living organisms as per necessity for the welfare of human beings. The living organisms are modified by various technical procedures for number of human requirements being such as domestication of animals, cultivation of plants and improving plant variety through various breeding practices. Modern technologies used for the purpose include techniques like cell, tissue culture and genetic engineering. The United Nations convention of Biological diversity defines 'biotechnology' as: Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organism or derivatives thereof to make or modify products or processes for specific use. In other words, biotechnology can be defined as the application of technical advances in life sciences to develop various products.
Biotechnology also involves pure biological scientific disciplines such as genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology and those outside the sphere of biology which include chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, bioinformatics and biorobotics.
Conversely, modern biological sciences are intimately entwined and dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and therefore all these together constitute the life sciences industry. Biotechnology is research and development in the laboratory using bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any living organism and any source of biomass by means of biological engineering where high value added products could be planned, forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed. These products should be used on sustainable basis and patent rights thereof must be obtained. (legal protection at national and international level)
पुढील दोन विधानांचा विचार करा. / Consider the following two statements :
(a)जैवतंत्रज्ञानात जीव वा त्याच्या अंशाचा भाग नेहमी असतोच असे नाही. / Biotechnology does not necessarily always involve organisms or parts thereof :
(b)जैवतंत्रज्ञानात मुळत: शुद्ध व काही प्रमाणात उपयोजित विज्ञान दोन्ही संम्मीलित आहेत. / Biotechnology basically involves both pure and marginally applied sciences.
1)दोन्ही बरोबर / Both are correct
2)दोन्ही चूक / Both are incorrect
3)(a) बरोबर व (b) चूक / (a) is correct (b) is not
4)(b) बरोबर व (a) चूक / (b) is correct (a) is not✓ Correct
Statement (a) is incorrect because biotechnology inherently involves living organisms or their cellular/molecular components. Statement (b) is correct as it combines pure science (biology/genetics) with applied science.
सध्या बाजारात जननिक अभियांत्रिकीची अनेक उत्पादने आढळून येतात. उदा. इंटरफेरॉन, मानवाचे वृद्धीसंप्रेरक आणि मानवीय इन्स्युलिन. सन 1982 साली पुन:संयोजी जिवाणूने बनविलेले मानवीय इन्स्युलिन बाजारात विक्रीस आले. पूर्वी ही सर्व प्रथिने प्राण्यांच्या पेशीपासून शुद्ध केली जात होती. परंतु मानवावरील ही स्वरूपे त्यावेळी फार कमी प्रमाणात उपलब्ध होती.
1982 च्या पूर्वी मधुमेहात उपयोगात येणारी सर्व इन्स्युलिन केवळ गुरांच्या बोव्हीन व डुकरांच्या स्वादुपिंडापासून शुद्ध केली जात होती. ही सर्व इन्स्युलिन उत्पादके मांस कारखान्यात सह-उत्पादन म्हणून तयार व्हावयाची. इन्स्युलिनचा पुरवठा हा मांस कारखान्यातील पुरवठा व गरजेवर अवलंबून होता. पुन:संयोजी इ.कोलाय पेशीने व्यापारी तत्त्वावर तयार केलेल्या मानवीय इन्स्युलिनमुळे ते तयार करण्यात भविष्यात कमतरता राहण्याबाबत चिंता राहिलेली नाही.
याशिवाय ज्यांना मधुमेह झाला आहे व ज्यांना बोव्हीन अथवा पोर्सीनचे वावडे आहे त्यांच्याकरिता मानवीय इन्स्युलिन अत्यंत उपयुक्त ठरेल.
पुन:संयोजी डी.एन्.ए.चे तंत्र जीन थेरपीमध्ये महत्त्वाची भूमिका बजावते ज्यात ते प्रत्यक्षात सहभागी होऊन जीन साहित्यात फेरफार देखील करते.
There are several products of genetic engineering now available in the market viz. interferon, human growth hormone and human insulin. In 1982, human insulin produced by recombinant bacteria was released for sale in the market. All of these proteins were previously purified from animal tissues. But human forms were available only in very minute quantities.
Before 1982, all insulins which were utilized for diabetics were purified only from bovine of cattle and Porcine of pigs pancreas. These insulins were made available as by-products of meat industry. The insulin supply was, thus a function of supply and demand in the meat market. The commercial production of human insulin in recombinant E. Coli cells eliminated concerns regarding possible shortage of insulin in the future. In addition, this human insulin, was of particular importance to some diabetics who were allergic to bovine and/or porcine insulin.
Recombinant DNA techniques play an essential role in gene therapy which involves the direct manipulation of genetic material.
पुढील दोन विधानांचा विचार करा :
वरील कोणते विधान योग्य आहे ?
Consider the following two statements :
Now state which of the two above statements is correct ?
(a)मानवीय इन्स्युलिन 1982 पावेतो उपलब्ध नव्हते. / Human insulin was not available until 1982.
(b)तोपर्यंत इन्स्युलिन मांस कारखान्यातून मुख्य उत्पादन म्हणून उपलब्ध व्हावयाचे. / Insulin until then was the major product of meat industry.
1)केवळ (a) / Only (a)
2)केवळ (b) / Only (b)
3)(a) व (b) दोन्ही / Both (a) and (b)
4)(a) व (b) दोन्हीही नाही / Neither (a) nor (b)✓ Correct
Human insulin was successfully produced using recombinant DNA technology in 1978 (marketed in 1982), but prior to that, insulin was extracted from animal pancreases (pigs and cattle), not strictly meat factories as a primary planned product in that exact phrasing, making both statements inaccurate in their specific contexts.