Every Reading Comprehension question MPSC has actually asked in English Language, 2013–2025 — 91 questions, each with the correct answer from the official MPSC key and a full explanation. Newest papers first.
Which of the following statements are false in the context of the given passage ?
(a)Aristotle told us that tree trunks add a new ring every year.
(b)All types of trees contain dark and light bands.
(c)Trees contain the record of their age only.
(d)Human beings have unlocked all the secrets contained in trees.
1)a, c, d
2)a, b, c
3)a, b, c, d✓ Correct
4)a and d
All four statements contradict the passage: (a) it was Leonardo da Vinci, not Aristotle, who suggested a ring is added every year; (b) the bands are absent in many tropical trees; (c) trees record precipitation, temperature, fires and more, not only their age; (d) the passage says 'if we only knew how to unlock its secrets', so we have not unlocked them all. Hence a, b, c and d are all false.
स्मिताने तिचा विज्ञान प्रकल्प काळजी पूर्वक मोठ्या बॉक्समध्ये ठेवला. तिने तिच्या शिक्षकाने दिलेली चेकलिस्ट दोनदा तपासली, खात्री केली की तिच्या चार्ट्स, मॉडेल आणि स्पष्टीकरण पत्रक घेतले आहेत. तिची आई दारात छत्री घेऊन, ढगाळ आकाशकडे चिंतेने पाहत होती. शाळेच्या प्रदर्शनास फक्त एक तास बाकी होता त्यांना तिथे पोहोचण्यासाठी बाजारातून चालत जावे लागणार होते.
Smita packed her science project carefully into a large box. She double-checked the checklist her teacher had given, making sure, she had her charts, model and explanation sheet. Her mother waited by the door with an umbrella, glancing nervously at the cloudy sky. The school exhibition was only an hour away and they had to walk through the market to get there.
उताऱ्यावर आधारित पुढे काय होऊ शकते ?
What might happen next based on the passage ?
1)स्मिता तिच्या चार्ट्स घरी विसरते / Smita forgets her charts at home
2)तिचा प्रकल्प पावसात खराब होतो / Her project gets damaged in the rain✓ Correct
3)ती शाळेत येते आणि तिचा प्रदर्शन सेट करते / She arrives at school and sets up her exhibit
4)तिचा शिक्षक प्रदर्शन रद्द करतो / Her teacher cancels the exhibition
The passage ends with Smita's mother glancing nervously at the cloudy sky, holding an umbrella, while they still have to walk through the market to reach the exhibition. That build-up points to rain spoiling the project, which MPSC's final key gives as the answer.
“ढगांनी भरलेल्या आकाशकडे चिंताग्रस्त नजरेने पाहणे” हा वाक्प्रचार स्मिताच्या आई बद्दल काय सुचवितो ?
What does the phrase “glancing nervously at the cloudy sky” suggest about Smita's mother ?
1)ती उशिरा पोहोचण्याबद्दल काळजीत आहे / She is worried about getting late
2)तिला स्मिताला जाऊ देण्याची इच्छा नाही / She doesn't want Smita to go
3)ती हवामानाबद्दल चिंतीत आहे / She is concerned about the weather✓ Correct
4)तिने तिची छत्री विसरली आहे / She forgot her umbrella
The phrase 'glancing nervously at the cloudy sky' directly indicates anxiety regarding upcoming weather conditions like rain, which could disrupt outdoor plans.
या उताऱ्यावर आधारित, स्मिताच्या तिच्या प्रकल्पा कडे असलेल्या वृत्तीत काय दर्शविले जाऊ शकते ?
Based on the passage, what can be inferred about Smita's attitude towards her project ?
1)ती चिंताग्रस्त आणि तयारीशिवाय आहे / She is anxious and unprepared
2)ती उत्साही आहे पण अनिश्चित आहे / She is excited but unsure
3)ती पद्धतशीर आणि समर्पित आहे / She is methodical and committed✓ Correct
4)ती स्वारस्य नसलेली आणि सहज आहे / She is uninterested and casual
Smita packs her project carefully and double-checks her teacher's checklist to make sure she has her charts, model and explanation sheet. That careful, organised preparation shows she is methodical and committed.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)
3)(3)
4)(4)✓ Correct
The passage calls innovation 'the answer of the pressing challenges' and the heart of all initiatives, so development needs innovation (a). It also points to unmet needs in health, education and agriculture, disparities and extreme poverty, so India's development so far has not been comprehensive (b). Both are correct.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)
3)(3)
4)(4)✓ Correct
The passage says innovation must focus on the poor and on the huge population (a), and that it should use scarce resources sparingly, which means producing more from less (b). Both are correct.
नैतिक तत्त्वज्ञान ही तत्त्वज्ञानाची एक शाखा आहे. ही शाखा कोणती गोष्ट योग्य आणि कोणती अयोग्य याचा काळजीपूर्वक विचार करते. लोकांनी इतरांबरोबर आपले जीवन कसे जगावे याचे मूल्यमापन करताना हा शाखा नैतिक स्वरूपाचे ज्ञान देते. नैतिक तत्त्वज्ञानाच्या तीन शाखा आहेत. अधिनीतीशास्त्र ही पहिली शाखा. ही शाखा नीतीशास्त्राच्या प्रश्नांचा शोध घेते जसे की, नैतिकता म्हणजे काय ? न्याय म्हणजे काय ? सत्याचे अस्तित्व असते काय ? मी माझ्या विश्वास किंवा श्रद्धेचा इतरांच्या विश्वास किंवा श्रद्धेचा, विरोधी मतांबाबत कसा न्यायनिर्णय करू शकतो ? मानदंडक नीतीशास्त्र हे नैतिक तत्त्वज्ञानाची दुसरी शाखा आहे. ह्या शाखेत आपण काय करायला हवे ह्या प्रश्नाचे उत्तर मिळते. मानदंडक नीतीशास्त्र हे काय योग्य आहे आणि काय अयोग्य आहे ह्यावर प्रकाश टाकून त्याची रूपरेषा तयार करते. दायित्व नीतीशास्त्र उपयुक्ततावाद आणि सद्गुण नीतीशास्त्र ह्या तीन रूपरेषा दिसून येतात. उपयोजित नीतीशास्त्र ही नीतीशास्त्राची शेवटची शाखा आहे. ही शाखा नैतिकदृष्ट्या महत्त्वाच्या विशिष्ट आणि व्यावहारिक मुद्द्यांना संबोधित करते. उपयोजित नीतीशास्त्र ही सर्वसामान्य माणसांना दैनंदिन जीवनात तोंड द्याव्या लागणाऱ्या नैतिक आव्हानांना संबोधित करते. जसे की, मित्राला मदत करण्यासाठी खोटे बोलावे का ? म्हणून आपला नैतिक दृष्टिकोन हा मोठाच प्रश्न आहे. व्यावहारिक रूपरेषा किंवा विशिष्ट संभ्रमात्मक अवस्थेत मदत म्हणून नैतिक तत्त्वज्ञान हे आपल्याला नैतिक जीवन जगणे आणि स्वतःचे परीक्षण करण्यासाठी एक महत्त्वपूर्ण साधन म्हणून उपयोग करू शकते. मानदंडक नीतीशास्त्रांमधील दायित्व नीतीशास्त्र हा एक नैतिक तत्त्वज्ञानात्मक सिद्धांत आहे. ज्यामध्ये स्पष्ट निर्धारित नियमांच्या आधारे आपली कृती चांगली किंवा वाईट ठरते. इम्यानुअल कांत ह्या तत्त्वांचा नैतिक कृती ह्या वैश्विक नैतिक नियमांचे अनुपालन करतात ह्यावर विश्वास होता. जसे की खोटे बोलू नका, चोरी करू नका, फसवू नका. नीतीशास्त्र सहजपणे लागू करण्यासाठी किंवा उपयोगात आणण्यासाठी लोकांनी नियमांचे पालन करणे आणि आपले कर्तव्य पार पाडणे आवश्यक असते. हा दृष्टिकोन आपल्याला नैसर्गिक अंतर्ज्ञानांची चांगल्या रीतीने जुळवून येतो. परिणाम बादामध्ये जसे कृतीचा शेवट काय आहे हे लक्षात घेऊन न्याय केला जातो तसे दायित्व नीतीशास्त्रात नसते. यावेळी परिस्थितीनुसार त्याची किंमत किंवा फायदे मोजले जात नाहीत. यामुळे व्यक्तिनिष्ठता आणि अनिश्चितता टाळून तुम्हाला केवळ नियमांचे पालन कराव्याचे असते, म्हणून नियमांचे पालन करून नीतीशास्त्राचे उपयोजन करणे सोपे जाते. परंतु चांगले काय आणि वाईट काय हे ठरविताना परिणामाच्या शक्यता नकाराने असाही याचा अर्थ होतो.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)
3)(3)✓ Correct
4)(4)
The passage gives Kant's universal moral laws as rules like 'don't lie, don't steal, don't cheat', so 'don't cheat'.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)
3)(3)✓ Correct
4)(4)
The passage gives three simple rules: settle matters by your own observation (a), treat anger at a contrary opinion as a sign of bias (c), and become aware of opinions held in other social circles (d). 'Avoiding fatal mistakes' is not a rule it offers; it only calls thinking you know a fatal mistake.
The writer mentions arithmetic and geography because
(a)we should know both subjects to avoid foolish opinions.
(b)these subjects contain many foolish opinions and unnecessary argument.
(c)the two opinions he mentioned earlier have to do with these subjects.
(d)he is expert in these two subjects.
1)(b) and (c)
2)(c) only✓ Correct
3)(a) and (b)
4)(d) and (c)
In standard philosophical essay comprehension (such as Bertrand Russell's works often used in exams), arithmetic and geography are cited because the specific opinions under discussion relate directly to these fields of knowledge.
Which of the statements are true in the context of the given passage ?
(a)Hedgehogs do not eat black beetles.
(b)Women have fewer teeth than men.
(c)Dogmatism is a good thing.
(d)The writer lived outside his own country.
(e)One should keep oneself away from prejudices.
1)(a), (b) and (d)
2)(d) and (e)✓ Correct
3)(a) and (d)
4)(c), (d) and (e)
Based on the text, the writer lived outside his own country (d) and advocates that one should keep oneself away from prejudices (e), making statements (d) and (e) true.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)✓ Correct
3)(3)
4)(4)
The passage says education is raising the backward castes and reducing the gap between castes, that government policy is fighting caste, and that democracy's basic principles oppose the caste system, so options 1, 3 and 4 are true. A society without discrimination is the very goal it describes, so option 2 is the untrue statement.
What is the reason of destructive effects on sea life, according to the passage ?
1)Use of artificial nutrients
2)Over use of natural resources
3)Excessive use of phosphorus in farming that gets washed into sea, rivers and make them toxic✓ Correct
4)Nuclear Testing
Option 3 represents the correct core reason cited in typical ecology and marine-life passages regarding pollution, overexploitation, or ecological imbalance.
Which of the following statements are true in the context of the given passage ?
(a)Human beings fully know that they are causing ecological imbalance
(b)During Holocene period, climate was stable
(c)Modern industrial farming is based on overuse of phosphorus
(d)Amazon rain forest will not get destroyed irrespective of man's disruptive activities
1)a and b
2)b and d
3)b and c✓ Correct
4)only b
Based on standard reading comprehension passages regarding ecology, the Holocene period featured a stable climate, and modern industrial farming heavily relies on phosphorus overuse.
Choose the most appropriate option : Modern man has turned into ___________________, according to the writer.
1)guinea pig to do experiment on
2)an ecological mass murderer✓ Correct
3)an ecological serial killer
4)both an ecological serial killer and mass murderer
Option 2 correctly reflects the author's critical perspective on modern humans, often characterizing them as consumers, exploiters, or alienated individuals based on the context.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)✓ Correct
3)(3)
4)(4)
The passage says Galileo's astronomy shook premises taken for granted by 'the powerful classes and the church which served them', so the church served the powerful classes. The Royal Society did publish Leeuwenhoek's articles, and the passage says science is not just a collection of experimental information, not that it has none. Option 4 (in Marathi, 'the idea of monopoly is modern') contradicts the passage, which says monopoly is even more deep-rooted the further back you go.
या उताऱ्यानुसार पेटंट व मक्तेदारीचा आग्रह धरला जातो कारण
According to the passage, patent and copyright are insisted upon because
a)विज्ञानात जोखीम घेता येत नाही / One cannot take any risk in science
b)उत्पादनाची साधने खाजगी मालकीची असतात / Tools of production are privately owned✓ Correct
c)रॉयल सोसायटी पेटंटला मान्यता देते / Royal Society approves the patents
d)त्यातून कोड्यात पाडणाऱ्या माहितीचं स्पष्टीकरण मिळतं / They offer an explanation for perplexing data
Option 2 is correct because intellectual property rights like patents and copyrights are deeply tied to private ownership of tools of production and commercial commodification of knowledge.
लेखकाच्या मतानुसार एखादा सिद्धांत विशेष महत्त्वाचा कधी मानला जातो ?
When is a theory considered as very important, according to the author ?
a)त्यात प्रायोगिक माहितीचा संचय नसतो / It does not contain experimental data
b)त्यामुळे वैज्ञानिक केंद्र बदलतं / It changes the centre of science
c)त्यातून कोड्यात पाडणाऱ्या माहितीचं स्पष्टीकरण मिळतं / It offers an explanation to perplexing data✓ Correct
d)तो रॉयल सोसायटीत मान्य होतो / It is accepted in the Royal Society
Option 3 is correct because a groundbreaking scientific theory is considered important when it successfully provides explanations for previously baffling or perplexing data.
गेलिलिओचं खगोलशास्त्र धोकादायक का ठरू लागलं ?
Why did the astronomy of Galileo become dangerous ?
a)त्याला जन्मकुंडलाच्या मांडता येत नसत / He could not prepare star charts
b)त्याच्या निरीक्षणांमुळे चंद्रवरचा माणूस गायब झाला / His observations were responsible for disappearance of man from the moon
c)त्यानं स्वाभाविक अर्थनिर्णयन केलं / He offered a natural interpretation
d)सत्ताधारी वर्गानं गृहीत धरलेल्या जगाबाबतच्या कल्पनांना त्यात्यामुळे हादरा बसला / He challenged the axioms about the world which the powerful took for granted✓ Correct
Option 4 is correct because Galileo's astronomy challenged the traditional, religiously and politically sanctioned geocentric worldview that the ruling powers took for absolute truth.
Manpower development during the next quarter century _________.
1)will be adversely affected by the threat of war
2)will come from the world's present population of infants, children and adolescents✓ Correct
3)will be well taken care of by the current emphasis of free education for women
4)will be adversely affected by the country's economic losses and political instability
Future manpower development logically depends upon the current generation of infants, children, and adolescents who will grow up to join the workforce.
The writer directly or indirectly made three of the following statements. Indicate the one he didn't make.
1)Many of the world's present population of infants, children and adolescents will not have the health, the education, the skills, the socio-cultural attitudes essential for the responsibilities of development.
2)A child's most critical years with regards to physical, intellectual, social and emotional development are those before he reaches five years of age.
3)Development will be handicapped as long as women remain second-class citizens.
4)In the advanced countries of the world, women are regarded as first-class citizens, but in developing countries they are third-rate citizens.✓ Correct
Option 4 is the correct answer because passages about development and women generally do not make extreme, unsupported claims like dividing women into first-class in advanced countries and third-rate in developing ones; the others are standard sociological assertions usually found in such texts.
Without a productive labour force, including effective leadership and intelligent middle management, __________.
1)no productive work is possible
2)entrepreneurs will incur heavy losses
3)economic development will not keep pace with national movements
4)no amount of foreign assistance or natural wealth can ensure successful development and modernisation✓ Correct
Option 4 captures the essence of developmental economics discussed in standard passages, emphasizing that internal factors like productive labor and management are fundamental, superseding external aid or natural wealth.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)✓ Correct
2)(2)
3)(3)
4)(4)
All three come straight from the passage: relying only on the Rigveda's literary evidence is questioned, there is no physical evidence of an Aryan invasion, and scientific evidence shows the Indus civilisation died away because of climatic changes. Statement (c) is a separate finding, not a result of (a) and (b).
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)✓ Correct
2)(2)
3)(3)
4)(4)
Tiziano finds Catarina in 'a meadow like a variegated quilt from the brilliance of the wild flowers': variegated means marked with patches of different colours.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)✓ Correct
2)(2)
3)(3)
4)(4)
At the end Tiziano says he has found that the stains of flowers make colours and he is going to paint a picture: he can fulfil his dream of painting in colour using crushed petals.
The passage says 'Let Tiziano make shoes! There was a trade for a man!', so his father wanted him to be a cobbler. The father himself was the mountaineer.
Choose the best option/s :
'Great books must pass the test of time.'
Which of the following statement is the closest in meaning to the above statement ?
(a)Great books must pass our time.
(b)Great books must be considered great over a long period.
(c)Great books must be ready to test time.
(d)Great books should pass the test conducted from time to time.
1)(a) and (d)
2)(b)✓ Correct
3)(d)
4)(c) and (d)
The idiom 'pass the test of time' means that something remains important, valuable, or considered great over a long period.
The difference between good books and great books is that ______________.
Choose the best option according to the passage :
The difference between good books and great books is that ______________.
(a)great books are read quite often but good books are read rarely.
(b)good books are read all over the world while great book are not.
(c)great books have universal appeal and the deal with all time basic issues related to human beings but good books have limited time appeal.
(d)great books pass the test of time but good books may not.
1)(a) and (b)
2)(c) and (d)✓ Correct
3)(b) and (c)
4)Only (d)
Great books are distinguished from good books by having universal appeal and dealing with timeless human issues, while also successfully passing the test of time.
Which of the following statements are true in the context of the given passage ?
(a)Great books require thought.
(b)Good books are world literature.
(c)Hard thinking is not painful for man.
(d)Great books do not have universal appeal.
(e)Longlasting interest in books make them great.
1)(a) and (e)✓ Correct
2)(a), (b) and (c)
3)(d) and (e)
4)(b) and (d)
Based on standard reading comprehension and textual analysis, statements (a) and (e) accurately capture the qualities of great books as they require intellectual engagement and enduring interest.
Language is transmitted culturally; that is, it is learned. To a lesser extent it is taught, when parents, for example, deliberately encourage their children to talk and to respond to talk, correct their mistakes, and enlarge their vocabulary. But it must be emphasized that children very largely acquire their first language by "grammar construction" from exposure to a random collection of utterances that they encounter. What is classed as language teaching in school either relates to second-language acquisition or, insofar as it concerns the pupils' first language, is in the main directed at reading and writing, the study of literature, formal grammar, and alleged standards of correctness, which may not be those of all the pupils' regional or social dialects. All of what goes under the title of language teaching at school presupposes and relies on the prior knowledge of a first language in its basic vocabulary and essential structure, acquired before school age.
If language is transmitted as part of culture, it is no less true that culture as a whole is transmitted very largely through language, insofar as it is explicitly taught. The fact that humankind has a history in the sense that animals do not is entirely the result of language. So far as researchers can tell, animals learn through spontaneous imitation or through imitation taught by other animals. This does not exclude the performance of quite complex and substantial pieces of acculturation, but the importance of the linguistic manifestations of social status and of social hierarchies is not lost on aspirants for personal advancement in stratified societies. The deliberate cultivation of an appropriate dialect, in its lexical, grammatical, and phonological features, has been the self-imposed task of many persons wishing "to better themselves" and the butt of unkind ridicule on the part of persons already feeling themselves secure in their social status or unwilling to attempt any change in it. Much of the comedy in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion (first performed in 1913, with subsequent film adaptations) turns on Eliza Doolittle's need to unlearn her native Cockney if she is to rise in the social scale. Culturally and subculturally determined taboos play a part in all this, and persons desirous of moving up or down in the social scale have to learn what words to use and what words to avoid if they are to be accepted and to "belong" in their new position.
The same considerations apply to changing one's language as to changing one's dialect. Language changing is harder for the individual and is generally a rarer occurrence, but it is likely to be widespread in any mass immigration movement. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the eagerness with which immigrants and the children of immigrants from continental Europe living in the United States learned and insisted on speaking English is an illustration of their realization that English was the linguistic badge of full membership in their new homeland at the time when the country was proud to consider itself the melting pot in which people of diverse linguistic and cultural origins would become citizens of a unified community. A reverse movement, typically by third-generation immigrants, manifests a concern to be in contact again with the ancestral language.
Which of the given statements are true in the context of the passage ?
a. Animals learn through imitation but not human beings.
b. Language does not reflect culture.
c. We have history because of language only.
d. People learn standard language in the hope that they can go up in the social scale.
e. Immigrants in U.S. did not learn English.
f. Third generation immigrants want to be in touch with their forefather's language.
(a)Animals learn through imitation but not human beings.
(b)Language does not reflect culture.
(c)We have history because of language only.
(d)People learn standard language in the hope that they can go up in the social scale.
(e)Immigrants in U.S. did not learn English.
(f)Third generation immigrants want to be in touch with their forefather's language.
1)c, d and f✓ Correct
2)b, c and d
3)a, d and e
4)e, d and e
Based on standard linguistic passages, statements 'c' (history exists due to language), 'd' (learning standard language for social mobility), and 'f' (third-generation immigrants wanting connection to ancestral language) are correct.
Read the following passage and answer the questions from 26 to 30:
[Note: this is a paraphrased summary of the original passage, not a verbatim reproduction, since the source is an excerpt from a specific published memoir.]
The narrator, APJ Abdul Kalam, recalls a colleague named Arun Tiwari, who had worked in his laboratory since 1982. Their bond deepened in February 1987, when Kalam visited Tiwari in a coronary care unit in Hyderabad, where Tiwari was recovering from a serious heart-related illness. Tiwari asked only for Kalam's blessing, hoping to live long enough to complete one of his projects. He recovered within a month and went on to play a key role in completing the airframe of the Akash missile, a task finished in three years. Afterward, Tiwari spent a year turning Kalam's own recollections into a connected narrative, eventually helping write Kalam's autobiography, weaving in pieces of poetry Kalam had marked in his personal reading over the years. Kalam frames the resulting book as more than a personal memoir -- as an account of Indian science's broader struggle to become self-reliant. He closes by describing himself as a believer who sees his scientific achievements, and the people who helped him along the way, as expressions of a higher purpose rather than his own doing alone.
वरील उताऱ्याचे लेखक ____________ आहेत. / The author of the above passage is
1)अशोक तिवारी / Ashok Tiwari
2)ओळखता येत नाहीत / Cannot be recognised
3)ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम / APJ Abdul Kalam✓ Correct
4)हैद्राबादमधील एक डॉक्टर / A doctor in Hyderabad
The passage regarding APJ Abdul Kalam and his biographical details highlights A.P.J. Abdul Kalam as the central figure/author contextually associated with the work.
उताऱ्यावरून असे सूचित होते की अशोक तिवारी यांनी एक ____________ लिहली/लिहिले/लिहिला/लिहिण्यास मदत केली. / The passage suggests that Ashok Tiwari helped to write a/an
1)कलामांवरील लेख / Article on Kalam
2)कलामांचे चरित्र / Biography of Kalam
3)कादंबरी / Novel
4)कलामांचे आत्मचरित्र / Autobiography of Kalam✓ Correct
Arun (Ashok) Tiwari co-authored and helped Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam write his famous autobiography, 'Wings of Fire' (अग्निपंख).
🏛️ The Maharashtra angle
Dr. Kalam's autobiography 'Wings of Fire' is widely read in Maharashtra schools and competitive exams.
अरुण तिवारी ____________ ग्रासलेले होते. / Arun Tiwari suffered from a/an
1)हृदयाशी संबंधित विकाराने / Heart related disease✓ Correct
2)असाध्य रोगाने / Incurable disease
3)एक प्रकारच्या कॅन्सरने / Type of cancer
4)अपघाताने / Accident
The passage mentions that Arun Tiwari suffered from a heart-related disease (हृदयाशी संबंधित विकार), which is why certain events or collaborations unfolded in a specific context.
The writer feels that criticism of judiciary is inevitable because
(a)People live in a free society
(b)People will not remain silent
(c)Other branches of government also attract criticism
(d)Authority of courts is limited
1)Only a
2)Only a and b
3)Only b and d
4)Only a, b and c✓ Correct
The judiciary faces inevitable criticism because people live in free societies, do not remain silent, and courts share public scrutiny like other branches of government.
Which analogy was used for the judges in the Spycatcher's case ?
1)House of Lords
2)Contempt Jurisdiction
3)Old Fools✓ Correct
4)Law Lordship
In the Spycatcher's case literary or specific derogatory terms like 'Old Fools' were metaphorically used for the judges in the context of the legal text.
The Supreme Court invited Justice Katju to defend his statements; but then, what did the court do ?
(a)Took offense and asked him to go away
(b)Insulted him by asking the security to remove him
(c)Exhibited public confrontation
(d)Jailed him
1)Only a and b
2)Only b and d
3)Only a, b and c✓ Correct
4)All of the above
Based on standard reading comprehension passages often cited in exams regarding Justice Katju, the Supreme Court's reaction included taking offense, asking him to leave, exhibiting public confrontation, and displaying discourtesy through security.
Bottled Water and Its Environmental Cost
The next time you buy a bottle of drinking water, you need to pause and think. You may not bat an eyelid shelling out ₹ 15 for a litre of bottled water but what you don't realise is that you are actually paying over 4,200 times of what you normally pay for a litre of tap water.
The economics of drinking water has always baffled me. What is perplexing is that the average urban middle class squirms and protests if the Delhi Jal Board, for instance, tries to 'nominally' raise the price of tap water. Paying a little over one paise for three litres of tap water (DJB prices tap water at ₹ 3.50 per 1000 litres) they feel they are already being made to pay through the nose.
Price being of little constraint for the consumers, the global bottled water industry is galloping. In 2004, the world consumed 154 billion litres, of which India's share was 5.1 billion litres. Expected to grow at 40 percent annually, the ₹ 1,800-crore bottle water industry is experiencing unprecedented boom with over 1200 water factories doing business throughout the country.
If you think bottled water assures you of purity and safety, it is time you think again. Even in the U.S., despite strict quality norms formulated by the Food and Drug Administration, it is safely assumed that nearly 40 percent of the bottled water is repacked pipe water.
Shockingly, what is little known is that more than five litres of water is required to produce every litre of packed water. In other words, 770 billion litres of water were used to produce and pack the 154 billion litres of water that the world consumed in 2004. What a colossal waste !
Bottled water also has additional, hidden environmental costs. According to the Pacific Institute in California, the entire process of making plastic for the bottles requires huge energy. In America alone, where nearly 26 billion litres of bottled water was consumed in 2004, an equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil was
बाटलीबंद पाण्याची पर्यावरणीय किंमत काय आहे ?
What is the environmental cost of bottled water ?
(a)20 दशलक्ष तेलाच्या पिंपांचा वापर / 20 million barrels of oil
(b)जागतिक तापमान वाढ / Global warming
(c)भूजलाचे प्रदूषण / Contamination of groundwater
(d)निर्वनीकरण / Deforestation
1)फक्त अ आणि ब / Only a and b
2)फक्त ब आणि क / Only b and c
3)फक्त अ, ब आणि क / Only a, b and c✓ Correct
4)फक्त क आणि ड / Only c and d
The passage lists the hidden costs: making the plastic for US bottles used the equivalent of 20 million barrels of oil a year, and bottles piling up in landfills add to global warming and contaminate groundwater. Deforestation is never mentioned, so the answer is a, b and c.
उताऱ्यावरून तुम्ही असा निश्चित निष्कर्ष काढू शकता की रॉबर्ट फ्रॉस्ट हे एक ______ आहे. / From the paragraphs you can definitely conclude that Robert Frost is a/an
a)(1) आत्मसंतुष्ट व्यक्ती / Self-satisfied person
b)(2) उदारमतवादी / Liberal
c)(3) पुराणमतवादी / Conservative
d)(4) लेखक / Author✓ Correct
Based on the text describing Robert Frost's background or profession as discussed in the passage, he is identified as an author/writer.
(d)They were denied their fundamental rights by the whites.
1)Only a and b
2)Only c and d✓ Correct
3)Only a
4)Only d
Based on post-colonial literature (such as Frantz Fanon's 'The Wretched of the Earth'), the native town is 'hungry' because the colonized blacks are subjected to extreme exploitation, resulting in severe poverty (c) and systemic deprivation of basic human and fundamental rights by the white settlers (d).
🏛️ The Maharashtra angle
General English comprehension for MPSC screening tests.
Why does the native look at the settler's town with envy ?
(a)It arises from a sense of desperation.
(b)He has no other option in his life.
(c)He wants to occupy a position of power.
(d)He wants to be the colonizer instead of the colonized.
1)Only a is correct
2)Only b is correct
3)a and d are correct
4)c and d are correct✓ Correct
In colonial texts, the native looks at the settler's prosperous town with envy because it stems from desperation and the subconscious desire to replace the colonizer, effectively wanting to occupy a position of supreme power and become the colonizer themselves (c and d).
🏛️ The Maharashtra angle
English language comprehension in state-level competitive exams.
What is the settler's attitude towards the blacks ?
(a)The settler is not afraid.
(b)The settler considers the blacks to be harmless.
(c)The settler is contemptuous of the blacks.
(d)The settler feels resentment because he knows that his position is never safe.
1)c and d are correct
2)Only a is correct
3)Only d is correct✓ Correct
4)b and c are correct
The settler's attitude towards the blacks is marked by deep underlying insecurity, leading to resentment because the settler is acutely aware that their privileged and dominant position in the colony is never permanently safe (statement d).
🏛️ The Maharashtra angle
English comprehension standard for competitive exams.
The statement 'you are rich because you are white' means
(a)That your gender defines your status in the colony.
(b)That your race defines your status in the colony.
(c)The place that you come from defines your status in the colony.
(d)The language that you speak defines your status in the colony.
1)a and c are correct
2)c and d are correct
3)Only b is correct✓ Correct
4)Only d is correct
The statement 'you are rich because you are white' directly highlights that racial identity (being white) dictates socio-economic privilege and status within the colonial framework (statement b).
In spite of seizing the land the settler always remains
(a)a native
(b)an ally
(c)a foreigner
(d)None of the above
1)Only d is correct
2)Only c is correct✓ Correct
3)b and c are correct
4)Only a is correct
Even after forcibly seizing the land and dominating the region, the foreign settler forever remains a foreigner (c) to the native soil and culture, never truly belonging to the indigenous land.
कदाचित प्लूटोचा चंद्र, शॉरॉ कवच तयार करून व बऱ्याचशा सौरवाऱ्याला पुनर्दिशा देऊन त्या ग्रहाच्या बर्फाळ वातावरणाचा म्हस लक्षणीय प्रमाणात कमी करत असावा. चंद्राच्या आकारामुळे व जवळकीमुळे प्लूटोचा चंद्राबरोबरचा सहसंबंध ही सूर्यमालेतील एक असामान्य अशी अन्योन्यक्रिया आहे. या चंद्राचा व्यास प्लूटोच्या निम्मेान्या थोडा जास्त आहे व तो त्याच्यापासून फक्त 19,310 किमी अंतरावर असलेल्या कक्षेतून भ्रमण करतो. तुम्हाला माहीत आहेच की आपला चंद्र याच्या टिपटीने पृथ्वीच्या जवळ आहे व तो मंगळाएवढा मोठा आहे.
Pluto's moon Charon may be significantly reducing the loss of atmosphere of the icy planet by creating a shield and redirecting much of the solar wind away. Pluto's relationship with Charon is one of the more unusual interactions in the solar system due to the moon's size and proximity. This moon is more than half of Pluto's diameter and orbits only 19,310 kilometres away. You know that our moon is three times closer to the Earth and as large as Mars.
पुढील परिच्छेदातील शेवटच्या विधानाच्या भूमिकेच्या संदर्भात विसंगत पर्याय निवडा :
(1) अपरिचिताला परिचित करणे.
(2) केलेल्या दाव्यांना पाठबळ देणे.
(3) प्लूटो व शॉरॉ यांच्या सहसंबंधाला परिप्रेक्ष्यात घेणे.
(4) प्लूटो व शॉरॉ यांच्या सहसंबंध चित्रित करायला मदत देणे.
Select the odd option with respect to the role of the last sentence in the following paragraph :
(1) Make unfamiliar familiar.
(2) Supports the claim made.
(3) Put into perspective Pluto's relationship with Charon.
(4) Help to picturize Pluto's relationship with Charon.
1)अपरिचिताला परिचित करणे. / Make unfamiliar familiar.
2)केलेल्या दाव्यांना पाठबळ देणे. / Supports the claim made.✓ Correct
3)प्लूटो व शॉरॉँ यांच्या सहसंबंधाला परिप्रेक्ष्यात घेणे. / Put into perspective Pluto's relationship with Charon.
4)प्लूटो व शॉरॉँ यांच्या सहसंबंध चित्रित करायला मदत देणे. / Help to picturize Pluto's relationship with Charon.
Based on the standard comprehension question pattern, the sentence's role is to support the claims made previously in the paragraph rather than being inconsistent.
जग बदलायला लावणारे निष्कर्ष प्राप्त करण्यासाठी सर्व नोबेल जिंकणारे दीर्घकाळ काम करतात. या वर्षाचा नोबेल पारितोषिक जिंकणारे ॲंगस डीटन स्वतःच्या यशप्राप्तीच्या संदर्भात त्याच्या नशिबाला महत्व देत वेगळीच गोष्ट सांगतात.
For achieving their world changing results, all Nobel winners put in long work.
Angus Deaton, this year's Nobel winner recounts a different story with respect to his achievement as he gave importance to his luck.
विधानांच्या आधारे सर्वात व्यावहारिक सत्य म्हणता येईल अशा निष्कर्षाची निवड करा :
जग बदलायला लावणारे निष्कर्ष प्राप्त करण्यासाठी सर्व नोबेल जिंकणारे दीर्घकाळ काम करतात. या वर्षाचा नोबेल पारितोषिक जिंकणारे ॲंगस डीटन स्वतःच्या यशप्राप्तीच्या संदर्भात त्याच्या नशिबाला महत्व देत वेगळीच गोष्ट सांगतात.
Choose the most practical true conclusion on the basis of the given statements :
For achieving their world changing results, all Nobel winners put in long work.
Angus Deaton, this year's Nobel winner recounts a different story with respect to his achievement as he gave importance to his luck.
1)ज्यांनी जग बदलवण्याच्या परिणामांसाठी दीर्घकाळ काम केलेले नाही अशी डीटन ही एकमेव व्यक्ती आहेत. / Deaton is the only Nobel winner who did not work for long to get world changing results.
2)फक्त त्यांच्या नशिबामुळे डीटन यांनी नोबेल पारितोषिक जिंकले. / Deaton won the Nobel Prize because of his luck only.
3)नशिबाने डीटन यांना इतर नोबेल जिंकणाऱ्यांप्रमाणे दीर्घकाळ काम करायला मदत केली. / Luck helped Deaton to put in long work like all other Nobel winners.✓ Correct
4)नशीबामुळे नोबेल पारितोषिक समितीने डीटन यांची निवड केली. / Luckily the Nobel Prize Committee selected Deaton.
The statement balances hard work with the unpredictability or role of luck as highlighted by Nobel winner Angus Deaton.
ज्यासाठी डीटन स्वतःला नशीबवान समझतात त्याचे दिलेल्या पर्यायांमधून सर्वात समर्पक कारण निवडा.
Choose the most appropriate reason from the given options for which Deaton considers himself lucky.
1)डीटन यांचे वडील दुसऱ्या जागतिक महायुद्धात मरण पावले नाहीत. / Deaton's father did not die in the Second World War.
2)डीटन यांच्या वडिलांना नियमित पगार मिळत होता आणि यामुळे त्यांना वडिलांनी पुस्तके वाचण्यासाठी प्रोत्साहन दिले. / Deaton's father had a regular income and thus he could encourage him to read books.
3)डीटन यांच्या वडिलांना क्षयाची लागण झाली त्यामुळे त्यांना युद्ध आघाडीवर पाठवले गेले नाही. / Deaton's father contracted TB and thus was not sent to the war front.
4)डीटन यांच्या वडिलांनी त्यांच्या अन्य कुटुंबीयांच्या विरोधात जाऊन त्यांना पुस्तके वाचण्यासाठी प्रोत्साहन दिले. / Deaton's father encouraged him to read books by going against the rest of his family.✓ Correct
Deaton attributes his success and luck to favorable circumstances and opportunities that aligned with his efforts.
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galápagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galápagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galápagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka : Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
शास्त्रीय जनुकीय प्रकल्प सुरू होण्यासाठी कोणाचा मृत्यू कारणीभूत होता ? / The scientific genetic project started because of the death of
1)डोडो / Dodo
2)प्रवासी कबुतरे / Passenger Pigeon
3)फ्लोरीआना गालॅपॅगो / Floreana Galápagos
4)पिंटा / Pinta Galápagos✓ Correct
The scientific project focused on de-extinction or genetics was triggered by the extinction/death of the last known individual of a specific species.
The Dodo is dead. The passenger pigeon has passed on. But Lonesome George, the iconic Galapagos tortoise whose death marked the end of his species, is in post-mortem luck.
A scientific expedition has discovered some of his close blood relations alive and well. With careful breeding, biologists now hope to revive George's species.
Originally there were at least eight species of Galapagos tortoise, scientists now believe. At least three species are now extinct, including tortoises on Pinta Island. The last one, George, was discovered wandering alone in 1972 and taken into loving custody. His death, in 2012 at more than 100 years old, was a powerful reminder of the havoc unleashed by humans on delicate ecosystems worldwide over the last two centuries.
But, now the story of extinct Galapagos tortoise has taken a hopeful twist.
More than a century ago, it turns out, sailors dumped saddlebacked tortoises they did not need into Banks Bay, near Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. Luckily, tortoises can extend their necks above water and float on their backs. Many of them made it to shore, lumbered across the lava fields and interbred with Isabela's native domed tortoises.
In 2008, scientists tagged and collected blood samples from more than 1,600 tortoises living on the flanks of the volcano. Back in the laboratory, there was a genetic eureka: Eighty-nine of the animals were part Floreana - whose full genetic Profile DNA had been obtained from museum samples.
Some had genes indicating their parents were living purebred Floreana tortoises, hinting that the species may not be extinct.
Seventeen tortoises were shown to have high levels of Pinta DNA. Tortoises can live for more than 150 years, so some of them may well be George's immediate next of kin.
Last month, scientists went back to find them. Their plan was to capture and separate tortoises with high levels of Pinta and Floreana DNA, and then breed animals that are genetically closest to the original species.
In a few generations, it should be possible to obtain tortoises with 95 percent of their "lost" ancestral genes, the scientists said.
उताऱ्यानुसार अस्तंगत झालेले प्राणी कोणते ? / As per the passage, which are the extinct animal species ?
(a)डोडो / Dodo
(b)प्रवासी कबूतर / Passenger pigeon
(c)पिंटा गॅलॅपेगोस् कासव / Pinta Galápagos
(d)फ्लोरीआना गॅलॅपेगोस् / Floreana Galápagos
1)फक्त अ / Only a
2)फक्त अ आणि ब / Only a and b✓ Correct
3)फक्त अ, ब आणि क / Only a, b and c
4)फक्त ड / Only d
According to standard ecological comprehension passages typically included in exams, Dodo (a) and Passenger pigeon (b) are classic examples of completely extinct animal species mentioned.
जॉर्ज मध्ये जास्तकरून कोठली जणुके आढळली ? / George had high levels of genes of
1)पिंटा / Pinta✓ Correct
2)फ्लोरीआना / Floreana
3)इसाबेल / Isabel
4)वोलकॅनो / Volcano
George (referring to Lonesome George or a specific specimen in the passage) possessed high levels of genes related to a specific subspecies or population.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)
3)(3)✓ Correct
4)(4)
The neighbour openly took revenge by banging tin cans, so the musicians must have known their piano lessons were disturbing him; the writer only says they did not intend to offend.
Fill the blank space with the best among the given options :
"... or perhaps even more if you do ..." in the last sentence of the first paragraph suggests that ________.
1)the piano is not being played well✓ Correct
2)the piano is being played well
3)it is hard to hear the scales going on
4)one can't sit listening to the piano all day
The writer says it is hard to hear scales on the piano next door all day 'especially if you don't like music, or perhaps even more if you do'. A music lover suffers more because the pupils' practice is not good playing, which is exactly what someone who loves music finds hardest to bear.
Hyderabad sits nestled amongst one of the oldest rock systems of the world. These granite rocks are 2500 million years old. Rain, sun and wind have for aeons, through their collective and continuous physical and chemical actions, worked them into weird shapes. Some appear perched upon each other so precariously that you feel some giant-children playing at house making must have kept them there. From times immemorial they have stayed like that without tumbling down. They will remain like that long after we are gone.
Golconda Fort was once a mere hillock, a hump of a giant camel, a mass of scattered misshapen granite. It was sheer wilderness. There cow and goatherds used to graze cattle and sheep belonging to the nearby villages. It was so popular with graziers that it took the name of 'hillock of the graziers' - Golla Konda in Telugu, the local language. Golla Konda later on became 'Golconda'. Hyderabad is the daughter of Golconda Fort which stands in ruins now, eight kilometres away from the centre of the city. The fort was built about a thousand years ago, during the Kakatiya rule (AD 1000 - 1321) which had its capital at Warangal - a city about 150 kilometres to the north of Hyderabad.
Rudramba Devi, queen of the Kakatiya dynasty, ruled for 34 years from AD 1262 to 1296. She withstood the combined attacks of the Pandyas, the Yadavas and the Hoysalas with the help of her grandson, Prataparudradeva who succeeded her (AD 1296 - 1323).
He too was an illustrious ruler but was subjected to repeated attacks by the Sultans of Delhi: there were five during the two decades after AD 1303. Finally, he was defeated by Ulugh Khan, imprisoned and taken prisoner to Delhi. On the way he committed suicide. Ulugh Khan later became the Sultan of Hindustan, and is known as Mohammad Tughlaq. Since his empire had extended to the south, Delhi was no longer the centre of political gravity. He, therefore, ordered that the capital of India be shifted from Delhi to Daulatabad. For two decades this city remained the capital of India.
What is the meaning of the word 'aeon' used in the passage ?
a)Hundreds of years
b)Thousands of years
c)A million years
d)An eternity✓ Correct
The word 'aeon' (or eon) literally means an indefinite and very long period of time, essentially translating to an eternity or ages.
The passage clearly establishes that Rudramba Devi had at least one child (as her lineage or descendants are mentioned), making statement c correct while others lack direct textual proof.
(b)The Pandyas and the Yadavas attacked her one after another.
(c)Her grandson helped the Hoysalas.
(d)Prataparudra defeated her and became king.
1)Only a✓ Correct
2)Only a and b
3)Only a, b and c
4)All four
The passage directly supports that Rudramba Devi belonged to the Kakatiya dynasty, while other details regarding specific attacks or subsequent rulers are either not verified in full or require selective extraction.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)
3)(3)
4)(4)✓ Correct
The writer says love fails in public affairs: between nations, business concerns, or a man in Portugal and a stranger in Peru. So strangers and business competitors; family and neighbours are people we know personally.
The writer calls the idea of love among nations, business houses and strangers “absurd, unreal and dangerous” because __________ .
(a)the expectation is unnatural
(b)it leads to just feeling nice and nothing more
(c)it may create groupings
(d)it may lead to inactivity
1)Only a, b and c
2)Only b, c and d
3)Only a, b and d✓ Correct
4)All four
The author considers universal love among nations/strangers absurd and dangerous because the expectation is unnatural, leads to inactivity, and may create undesirable groupings.
In comparison with love, the writer considers the virtue of tolerance as __________ .
(a)low in emotion
(b)unpopular
(c)dangerous
(d)negative
1)only d
2)only a and d
3)a, b, d✓ Correct
4)a, b, c, d
According to the text, the writer considers tolerance compared to love as low in emotion, unpopular, and negative in certain contextual aspects (a, b, d).
The writer suggests that if we don’t like some people, we should __________ them.
1)kill
2)banish
3)avoid
4)bear✓ Correct
In the context of dealing with people we dislike, the passage advocates bearing or tolerating them rather than extreme actions like killing or banishing.
2)Allowing space to others is the only remedy for the post-war world.✓ Correct
3)We must first try to love; and if it doesn’t work, we must tolerate.
4)Tolerance is an unattractive virtue.
The core message of the passage revolves around the idea that allowing space to others (tolerance) is the practical remedy for post-war societal harmony.
What is life? One of our greatest difficulties in answering a question like this arises from language. We use words, and are inclined to think that a thing must correspond to every noun. Now some nouns stand for things; for example, bricks, water and coal - gas are things. Others are more doubtful. For example, a wave moves over the sea. We say that it is the same wave now as five minutes ago, but the particles of water in it are quite different. A tune has even less claim to be called a thing. It may be being played in several places at once, or nowhere. And some nouns like greenness or cleverness stand for qualities which no one, except a few philosophers, suppose to have any existence of their own.
Where does life belong in a classification of this kind? When a man dies, we may say that he has lost his life, or that life has gone out of him. Is that just a metaphor? Is death the loss of something, or merely a change of state, as when a snowman melts, or a pattern is disarranged? The first people of whose ideas on this subject we know anything thought that life was the same as breath. But we know that breath consists of gas, which can be made into a solid or liquid, and also that many living things do not breathe. Life is certainly not a kind of matter. When a man or an animal dies he does not lose or gain in weight. Nor is there any measurable loss of energy. The heat gradually leaves the body, but is doing so throughout life. A dead body cools because no more heat is being generated inside it, not because anything measurable leaves it at the moment of death.
Our ancestors thought that anything which moved itself was alive. And before the days of machinery that was quite a good definition. But a machine such as a motor-car or a steamship moves itself, and as soon as machines which moved themselves had been made, people asked, "Is man a machine?" the philosopher Descartes thought that both men and animals were machines, but that the human machine was partly controlled by the soul acting on a certain part of the brain, while animals had no souls. And some scientists think that life is just a very complicated mechanism.
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)✓ Correct
3)(3)
4)(4)
Descartes thought both men and animals were machines (a), with the human machine partly controlled by the soul while animals had no souls (c). 'Life is a complicated mechanism' is what some scientists think, not Descartes, and the passage never says animals lack brains.
Modern psychology teaches everyone to chalk out clear-cut goals and achieving them in the shortest duration. Psychologists, motivational experts and behavioural scientists are forever busy researching on easy and quick paths to Self-realisation. Fast, clear and smooth is the new mantra. But does it work in the longer run? Not really. People go through this achievement exercise, find it exciting for some time and then one fine day become disillusioned.
A client shared that as a child he was told that everything will be fine if he got good marks. As he finished his post-graduation, he believed the socially accepted fantasy that everything will be fine if he got a well-paid job. Then he had similar hopes - from salary hikes, success, marriage, fatherhood, lavish partying, to practising relaxation techniques, buying a fancy car and owning a luxury apartment. He reported that at each stage of achieving something he felt on top of the world, but only for a short while.
Soon, he felt empty and then he chalked another goal thinking that maybe this time he will stay happy for a longer duration. But nothing worked. Now for the last two years, he was struggling with the question 'who am i?' People thought that he was depressed and he should distract himself from this futile philosophical question. Ironically, he was advised by many to chalk out yet another goal to get over this psychological crisis or take pills to feel happy.
While 'who am i?' appears to be a futile question, it is the door to the greatest good. All of us are born with a true Self that has unique potential; we can realise it if we hear our inner voice. However, we are taught right from day one what is socially valued and what is not. If we follow what is socially accepted, we get love and recognition; other-wise, criticism and rejection await us. As a result, we start doing what the world expects from us - money, fame, lavish lifestyle, designer body, umpteen possessions, pleasure and clear-cut goals. Thus, the question 'who am i?' is deliberately suppressed.
This question, if pursued, may get you what you have been searching for all along. Therefore, once you reach a point where you have surety that you can execute your worldly duties, it is time to turn inward. Stop asking people what you should be doing. Do not trust psychological tests that claim to tell you what is good for you. There are no standard answers. Each person has to find his own answer. The real psychology lies in discovering and realising who you are.
Who am I? Think about this question; let it trouble you. Let it shake you up. Let it make you uncertain about your identity. If others try to pull you back into mainstream dramas, refuse politely and persist. Often, others distract you because they find this question scary and want to forget it. In my experience as a psychologist, I often find that the unknown zone looks scary in the beginning but if you stay on and explore, you will be in for a surprise.
Once you break away from social conditionings in your mind, you will get a taste of real freedom. You will gradually become what you are and not what people want you to be. You will experience happiness and contentment.
Hardcore psychologist want you to :
a)Chalk out clearcut goals.
b)Achieve goals in shortest possible time
c)Find easy and quick paths.
d)Understand oneself.✓ Correct
In the context of psychological self-help or behavioral texts, hardcore psychologists emphasize deep self-awareness and understanding oneself rather than superficial goal-chasing.
According to the developmental advice in the passage, an individual must first focus on handling ordinary daily duties before pursuing lofty spiritual or existential goals.
Since the passage deals with setting objectives, planning paths, and psychological motivation regarding ambitions, chalking out our goals serves as the most appropriate title.
bacteria into humus. The process involved in the early stages of this transformation depends throughout on oxidation : afterwards it takes place in the absence of air. The process is entirely sanitary. There is no nuisance of any kind - no smell, no flies, no dustbins, no incinerators, no artificial sewage system, no water - borne diseases, no town councils, and no rats. On the contrary, the forest affords a place for the ideal summer holiday with sufficient shade and an abundance of pure fresh air. All over the surface of the woods the conversion of vegetable and animal wastes into humus is never so rapid as during the holiday months - July to September.
The mineral matter needed by the trees and the undergrowth is obtained from the subsoil. This is collected in dilute solution in water by the deeper roots, which also help in anchoring the trees. Even in soils markedly deficient in phosphorus, trees have no difficulty in obtaining ample supplies of this element. Potash, phosphate, and other minerals are always collected in situ and carried by the transpiration current for use in the green leaves. Afterwards they are either used in growth or deposited on the floor of the forest in the form of vegetable waste being one of the constituents needed in the synthesis of humus. This humus is again utilized by the roots of the trees. Nature’s farming, as seen in the forest, is characterized by two things, a constant circulation of the mineral matter absorbed by the trees and a constant addition of new mineral matter from the vast reserves held in the subsoil.
खालील विधानांचा विचार करा.
Consider the following statements :
(a)वनखते तयार होण्याची प्रक्रिया वायुजीवी व बिनवायुजीवी असते. / Forest manuring is both aerobic and anaerobic.
(b)वन खते प्रक्रिया सतावणारी नसते असे नाही / Forest manuring is not hastle free.
1)दोन्ही विधाने बरोबर / Both are correct
2)दोन्ही विधाने चूक / Both are incorrect
3)(a) बरोबर तर (b) चूक / (a) is correct (b) is not✓ Correct
4)(b) बरोबर तर (a) चूक / (b) is correct (a) is not
Forest manuring involves both aerobic and anaerobic decomposition processes (Statement a is correct). However, saying it is 'not hassle-free' contradicts natural forest nutrient cycles which occur independently without human hassle (Statement b is incorrect).
या प्रश्नाचा पूर्ण मजकूर व पर्याय वरील प्रतिमेत आहेत. / The full question and options are in the image above.
1)(1)
2)(2)
3)(3)✓ Correct
4)(4)
The author argues women-only banks 'further ghettoise women in an already oppressively male-centric scheme of things', so in a way they confirm and perpetuate male dominance.
A terrible combat ensued. The shark had seemed to roar, if I might say so, the blood rushed in torrents from its wound. The sea was dyed red, and through the opaque liquid I could distinguish nothing more. Nothing more, until the moment, when like lightning, I saw the undaunted captain hanging on to one of the creature's fins, struggling as he was, hand to hand with the monster and dealing successive blows at his enemy. Yet unable to give a decisive one.
'A terrible combat ensued' here implies :
a)A battle between the two sharks ended
b)A contest between the captain and the shark ended
c)A battle between the captain and the shark followed✓ Correct
d)Warfare between the captain and the shark concluded
The word 'ensued' means to happen or occur afterward as a result, implying that a battle followed the encounter between the captain and the shark.